List of oil spills

This is a reverse-chronological list of oil spills that have occurred throughout the world and spill(s) that are currently ongoing. Quantities are measured in tonnes of crude oil with one tonne roughly equal to 308 US gallons, or 7.33 barrels, or 1165 liters. This calculation uses a median value of 0.858 for the specific gravity of light crude oil; actual values can range from 0.816 to 0.893, so the amounts shown below are inexact. They are also estimates, because the actual volume of an oil spill is difficult to measure exactly.

Contents

Ongoing

Spill / vessel Location Dates Estimated flow rate (tonnes/day) Full cargo (tonnes) Spilled (min tonnes) Spilled (max tonnes) Link Notes
Rena oil spill  New Zealand, Tauranga, Bay of Plenty 02011-10-05 October 5, 2011 to present n/a 1,700 150 350 [1]

[2] [3]
Taylor Energy wells
Platform 23051		  United States, Gulf of Mexico 02004-09-16 September 16, 2004 to present (2719 days) 0.03 – 0.05 n/a 70 109 [4]

[5] [6]

 Leaks resulting from Hurricane Ivan have been largely contained, but not entirely. Ocean Saratoga is periodically onsite servicing and attempting to seal the leaks. Being monitored by the United States Department of the Interior

Note: The "flow rate" column applies to leaking wells, pipelines, etc., and is often used to estimate the total amount of oil spilled. The "full cargo" column applies to vessels, vehicles, etc., and represents the maximum amount of oil that could be spilled. The "spilled" columns indicate the total amount of oil that has been released to the environment so far, and should be based on official estimates found in referenced sources whenever possible. When official estimates vary, use the "min" and "max" columns to show the range of estimates.

Occurred

Spill / Vessel Location Dates Min Tonnes Max Tonnes Link(s)
Nigeria oil spill  Nigeria, Bonga Field 02011-12-21 December 21, 2011 &100000000000055000000005,500 &100000000000055000000005,500 [7]
TK Bremen  France, Brittany, Erdeven 02011-12-16 December 16, 2011 &10000000000000220000000220 &10000000000000220000000220 [8]
Campos Basin oil spill  Brazil, Campos Basin, Frade Field 02011-11-07 November 7, 2011 – November 15, 2011 &1000000000000008900000089 &10000000000000400000000400 [9]

[10]
North Sea oil spill  United Kingdom, North Sea, Gannet Alpha platform 02011-08-10 August 10, 2011 – August 13, 2011 &10000000000000216000000216 &10000000000000216000000216 [11]
Yellowstone River pipeline spill  United States, Billings, Montana, Yellowstone River 02011-07-01 July 1, 2011 &10000000000000105000000105 &10000000000000140000000140 [12]
Bohai Bay oil spill  China, Bohai Bay 02011-06-04 June 4, 2011 – June 19, 2011 &10000000000000204000000204 &10000000000000204000000204 [13] [14]
Peace River Rainbow pipeline spill  Canada, Alberta 02011-04-29 April 29, 2011 &100000000000038000000003,800 &100000000000038000000003,800 [15]
Mumbai-Uran pipeline spill  India, Mumbai, Arabian Sea 02011-01-21 January 21, 2011 &1000000000000004000000040 &1000000000000005500000055 [16][17]
Fiume Santo power station  Italy, Sardinia, Porto Torres 02011-01-11 January 11, 2011 &1000000000000001500000015 &1000000000000001500000015 [18]
Mumbai oil spill / MV MSC Chitra and MV Khalijia 3  India, Mumbai, Arabian Sea 02010-08-07 August 7, 2010 – August 9, 2010 &10000000000000400000000400 &10000000000000800000000800 [19][20][21]
Barataria Bay oil spill  United States, Barataria Bay, Gulf of Mexico 02010-07-27 July 27, 2010 – August 1, 2010 &1000000000000002300000023 &1000000000000004500000045 [22][23][24][25]
Talmadge Creek oil spill  United States, Kalamazoo River, Calhoun, Michigan 02010-07-26 July 26, 2010 &100000000000028000000002,800 &100000000000032500000003,250 [26][27]
Xingang Port oil spill  China, Yellow Sea 02010-07-16 July 16, 2010 – July 21, 2010 &100000000000015000000001,500 &1000000000009000000000090,000 [28]

[29]
Jebel al-Zayt oil spill  Egypt, Red Sea 02010-06-16 June 16, 2010 – June 23, 2010 not known not known [30]
Red Butte Creek oil spill  United States, Salt Lake City, Utah 02010-06-11 June 11, 2010 – June 12, 2010 &1000000000000006500000065 &10000000000000107000000107 [31][32]
Trans-Alaska Pipeline spill  United States, Anchorage, Alaska 02010-05-25 May 25, 2010 &10000000000000400000000400 &100000000000012000000001,200 [33]
MT Bunga Kelana 3  Singapore, Singapore Strait 02010-05-25 May 25, 2010 &100000000000020000000002,000 &100000000000025000000002,500 [34][35][36]
2010 ExxonMobil oil spill  Nigeria, Niger Delta 02010-05-01 May 1, 2010 &100000000000032460000003,246 &1000000000009550000000095,500 [37][38][39]
Deepwater Horizon  United States, Gulf of Mexico 02010-04-20 April 20, 2010 – July 15, 2010 &10000000000492000000000492,000 &10000000000627000000000627,000 [40]
2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill / MV Shen Neng 1  Australia Great Keppel Island 02010-04-03 April 3, 2010 &100000000000000030000003 &100000000000000040000004 [41][42][43]
2010 Port Arthur oil spill  United States, Port Arthur, Texas 02010-01-23 January 23, 2010 &100000000000015000000001,500 &100000000000015000000001,500 [44]
Yellow River oil spill  China, Chishui River (Shaanxi) 02010-01-05 January 5, 2010 &10000000000000130000000130 &10000000000000130000000130 [45]
Montara oil spill  Australia, Timor Sea 02009-08-21 August 21, 2009 &100000000000040000000004,000 &1000000000003000000000030,000 [46][47]
Full City oil spill  Norway, Rognsfjorden near Såstein south of Langesund 02009-07-31 July 31, 2009 &10000000000000200000000200 &10000000000000200000000200 [48]
2009 Lüderitz oil spill  Namibia, Southern coast 02009-04-08 April 8, 2009 Unknown Unknown [49]
2009 Queensland oil spill  Australia, Queensland 02009-03-10 March 10, 2009 &10000000000000230000000230 &10000000000000260000000260 [50]
West Cork oil spill  Ireland, Southern coast 02009-02 February 2009 &10000000000000300000000300 &10000000000000300000000300
2008 New Orleans oil spill  United States, New Orleans, Louisiana 02008-07-28 July 28, 2008 &100000000000088000000008,800 &100000000000088000000008,800 [51]
2007 Statfjord oil spill  Norway, Norwegian Sea 02007-12-12 December 12, 2007 &100000000000040000000004,000 &100000000000040000000004,000 [52]
2007 Korea oil spill  South Korea, Yellow Sea 02007-12-07 December 7, 2007 &1000000000001080000000010,800 &1000000000001080000000010,800 [53][54]
Kerch Strait oil spill  Ukraine
 Russia, Strait of Kerch		 02007-11-11 November 11, 2007 &100000000000010000000001,000 &100000000000010000000001,000 [55]
COSCO Busan oil spill  United States, San Francisco, California 02007-11-07 November 7, 2007 &10000000000000188000000188 &10000000000000188000000188 [56]
Kab 101  Mexico, Bay of Campeche 02007-10-23 October 23, 2007 – December 17, 2007 &100000000000018690000001,869 &100000000000018690000001,869 [57]
Guimaras oil spill  Philippines 02006-08-11 August 11, 2006 &10000000000000172000000172 &100000000000015400000001,540 [58]
Jiyeh power station oil spill  Lebanon 02006-07-14 July 14, 2006 – July 15, 2006 &1000000000002000000000020,000 &1000000000003000000000030,000 [58]
Citgo refinery oil spill  United States, Lake Charles, Louisiana 02006-06-19 June 19, 2006 &100000000000065000000006,500 &100000000000065000000006,500 [59]
Prudhoe Bay oil spill  United States, Alaska North Slope, Alaska 02006-03-02 March 2, 2006 &10000000000000653000000653 &10000000000000689000000689 [60]
Bass Enterprises (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Cox Bay, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &1000000000001200000000012,000 &1000000000001200000000012,000 [61]
Shell (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Pilottown, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &100000000000034000000003,400 &100000000000034000000003,400 [61]
Chevron (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Empire, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &100000000000032000000003,200 &100000000000032000000003,200 [61]
Murphy Oil USA refinery spill (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Meraux and Chalmette, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &100000000000026600000002,660 &100000000000034100000003,410 [61]

[62]
Bass Enterprises (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Pointe à la Hache, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &100000000000015000000001,500 &100000000000015000000001,500 [61]
Chevron (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Port Fourchon, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &10000000000000170000000170 &10000000000000170000000170 [61]
Venice Energy Services Company (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Venice, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &1000000000000008100000081 &1000000000000008100000081 [61]
Shell Pipeline Oil (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Nairn, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &1000000000000004400000044 &1000000000000004400000044 [61]
Sundown Energy (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, West Potash, Louisiana 02005-08-30 August 30, 2005 &1000000000000004200000042 &1000000000000004200000042 [61]
MV Selendang Ayu  United States, Unalaska Island, Alaska 02004-12-08 December 8, 2004 &100000000000015600000001,560 &100000000000015600000001,560 [63]
Athos 1  United States, Delaware River, Paulsboro, New Jersey 02004-11-26 November 26, 2004 &10000000000000860000000860 &10000000000000860000000860 [64]
MP-80 Delta 20" pipeline (Hurricane Ivan)  United States, Louisiana 02004-09-16 September 16, 2004 – September 19, 2004 &10000000000000963000000963 &10000000000000963000000963 [65]
MP-69 Nakika 18" & MP-151 Nakika 18" pipeline (Hurricane Ivan)  United States, Louisiana 02004-09-16 September 16, 2004 – October 6, 2004 &10000000000000618000000618 &10000000000000618000000618 [65]
Chevron-Texaco tank collapse (Hurricane Ivan)  United States, Louisiana 02004-09-16 September 16, 2004 – September 17, 2004 &10000000000000423000000423 &10000000000000423000000423 [65]
Tasman Spirit  Pakistan, Karachi 02003-07-28 July 28, 2003 &1000000000002800000000028,000 &1000000000003000000000030,000 [66][67]
Bouchard No. 120  United States, Buzzards Bay, Bourne, Massachusetts 02003-04-27 April 27, 2003 &10000000000000320000000320 &10000000000000320000000320 [68]
Prestige oil spill  Spain, Galicia 02002-11-13 November 13, 2002 &1000000000006300000000063,000 &1000000000006300000000063,000 [69][70]
Limburg (bombing)  Yemen, Gulf of Aden 02002-10-06 October 6, 2002 &1000000000001220000000012,200 &1000000000001220000000012,200
Manguinhos refinery  Brazil, Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro 02001-11-23 November 23, 2001 &1000000000000003400000034 &1000000000000009700000097 [71]
Trans-Alaska Pipeline gunshot spill  United States, Alaska 02001-10-04 October 4, 2001 &10000000000000932000000932 &10000000000000932000000932 [72]
2001 Shell Ogbodo oil spill  Nigeria 02001-06-25 June 25, 2001 &100000000000095000000009,500 Unknown [73]
2001 Shell Ogoniland oil spill  Nigeria 02001-05 May 2001 Unknown Unknown [74]
Petrobras 36  Brazil, Roncador Oil Field, Campos Basin 02001-03-15 March 15, 2001 &10000000000000274000000274 &10000000000000274000000274 [75]
Amorgos oil spill  Taiwan, Southern coast 02001-01-14 January 14, 2001 &100000000000011500000001,150 &100000000000011500000001,150 [76]
Jessica  Ecuador, Galapagos Islands 02001-01 January 2001 &10000000000000568000000568 &10000000000000568000000568 [77]

[78]
Pine River  Canada, Chetwynd, British Columbia 02000-08-01 August 1, 2000 &10000000000000850000000850 &10000000000000850000000850 [79]
Project Deep Spill  Norway, Helland Hansen ridge 02000-06 June 2000 &10000000000000100000000100 &10000000000000100000000100 [80]
Treasure  South Africa, Cape Town 02000-06 June 2000 &100000000000014000000001,400 &100000000000014000000001,400 [77]
Petrobras pipeline  Brazil, Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro 02000-01 January 2000 &100000000000011000000001,100 &100000000000011000000001,100 [71][77]
Erika  France, Bay of Biscay 01999-12-12 December 12, 1999 &1000000000001500000000015,000 &1000000000002500000000025,000 [63][77]
MV New Carissa  United States, Coos Bay, Oregon 01999-02-04 February 4, 1999 – March 9, 1999 &10000000000000230000000230 &10000000000000230000000230 [81]
Mobil Nigeria oil spill  Nigeria 01998-01-12 January 12, 1998 &100000000000055000000005,500 &100000000000055000000005,500 [63]
Nakhodka  Japan, Sea of Japan 01997-12 December 1997 &100000000000062400000006,240 &100000000000062400000006,240 [82]
Julie N.  United States, Portland, Maine 01996-09-27 September 27, 1996 &10000000000000586000000586 &10000000000000586000000586 [83]
Sea Empress  United Kingdom, Pembrokeshire 01996-02-15 February 15, 1996 &1000000000004000000000040,000 &1000000000007200000000072,000 [63][69]
North Cape  United States, Rhode Island 01996-01-19 January 19, 1996 &100000000000025000000002,500 &100000000000025000000002,500 [84]
Seki oil spill  United Arab Emirates 01994-03-31 March 31, 1994 &1000000000001590000000015,900 &1000000000001590000000015,900 [63]
Morris J. Berman oil spill  Puerto Rico 01994-01-07 January 7, 1994 &100000000000026000000002,600 &100000000000026000000002,600 [85]
MV Braer  United Kingdom, Shetland 01993-01-05 January 5, 1993 &1000000000008500000000085,000 &1000000000008500000000085,000 [69]
Aegean Sea  Spain, A Coruña 01992-12-03 December 3, 1992 &1000000000007400000000074,000 &1000000000007400000000074,000 [69]
Katina P  Mozambique, Maputo 01992-04-26 April 26, 1992 &1000000000007200000000072,000 &1000000000007200000000072,000 [69]
Fergana Valley  Uzbekistan 01992-03-02 March 2, 1992 &10000000000285000000000285,000 &10000000000285000000000285,000 [63]
Kirki  Australia, Indian ocean, off the coast of Western Australia 01991-07-21 July 21, 1991 &1000000000001728000000017,280 &1000000000001728000000017,280 [86]
ABT Summer  Angola, 700 nmi (1,300 km; 810 mi) offshore 01991-05-28 May 28, 1991 &10000000000260000000000260,000 &10000000000260000000000260,000 [69]
MT Haven  Italy, Mediterranean Sea near Genoa 01991-04-11 April 11, 1991 &10000000000144000000000144,000 &10000000000144000000000144,000 [69]
Gulf War oil spill  Iraq, Persian Gulf 01991-01-23 January 23, 1991 &10000000000270000000000270,000 &10000000000820000000000820,000 [87]

[88]
Mega Borg  United States, Gulf of Mexico, 57 mi (92 km) SE of Galveston, Texas 01990-06-08 June 8, 1990 &1000000000001649900000016,499 &1000000000001650100000016,501 [89]
American Trader  United States, Bolsa Chica State Beach, California 01990-02-07 February 7, 1990 &10000000000000979000000979 &10000000000000981000000981 [63]

[90]
Khark 5  Spain, 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) off Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 01989-12-19 December 19, 1989 &1000000000007000000000070,000 &1000000000008000000000080,000 [63][69]
Presidente Rivera  United States, Delaware River, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania 01989-06-24 June 24, 1989 &10000000000000993000000993 &10000000000000993000000993 [91]
Exxon Valdez  United States, Prince William Sound, Alaska 01989-03-24 March 24, 1989 &1000000000003700000000037,000 &10000000000104000000000104,000 [69][92]
Odyssey  Canada, 700 nmi (1,300 km; 810 mi) off Nova Scotia 01988-11-10 November 10, 1988 &10000000000132000000000132,000 &10000000000132000000000132,000 [69]
Ashland oil spill  United States, Floreffe, Pennsylvania 01988-01-02 January 2, 1988 &1000000000001000000000010,000 &1000000000001000000000010,000 [93][94]
Nova  Iran, Gulf of Iran, Kharg Island 01985-12-06 December 6, 1985 &1000000000007000000000070,000 &1000000000007000000000070,000 [69]
Grand Eagle  United States, Delaware River, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania 01985-09-28 September 28, 1985 &100000000000014000000001,400 &100000000000014000000001,400 [95]
SS Mobil Oil  United States, Columbia River, Longview, Washington 01984-03-19 March 19, 1984 &10000000000000550000000550 &10000000000000650000000650 [96][97]
Castillo de Bellver  South Africa, Saldanha Bay 01983-08-06 August 6, 1983 &10000000000252000000000252,000 &10000000000252000000000252,000 [69]
Nowruz Field Platform  Iran, Persian Gulf 01983-02-04 February 4, 1983 &10000000000260000000000260,000 &10000000000260000000000260,000 [98]
Tanio  France, Brittany 01980-03-07 March 7, 1980 &1000000000001350000000013,500 &1000000000001350000000013,500 [99]
Irenes Serenade  Greece, Pylos 01980-02-23 February 23, 1980 &10000000000100000000000100,000 &10000000000100000000000100,000 [69]
MT Independenţa  Turkey, Bosphorus 01979-11-15 November 15, 1979 &1000000000009500000000095,000 &1000000000009500000000095,000 [69]
Burmah Agate  United States, Galveston Bay, Texas 01979-11-01 November 1, 1979 &100000000000084400000008,440 &100000000000084400000008,440 [100]
Atlantic Empress / Aegean Captain  Trinidad and Tobago 01979-07-19 July 19, 1979 &10000000000287000000000287,000 &10000000000287000000000287,000 [69][101][102]
Ixtoc I oil spill  Mexico, Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico 01979-06-03 June 3, 1979 – March 23, 1980 &10000000000454000000000454,000 &10000000000480000000000480,000 [103][104]
Betelgeuse  Ireland, Bantry Bay 01979-01-08 January 8, 1979 &1000000000006400000000064,000 &1000000000006400000000064,000 [105]
Amoco Cadiz  France, Brittany 01978-03-16 March 16, 1978 &10000000000223000000000223,000 &10000000000227000000000227,000 [63][63][69][106][107]
Trans-Alaska Pipeline sabotage by explosives  United States, Alaska 01978-02-15 February 15, 1978 &100000000000021620000002,162 &100000000000021620000002,162 [108]
Venpet / Venoil collision  South Africa, Cape St. Francis 01977-12-16 December 16, 1977 &1000000000002660000000026,600 &1000000000003050000000030,500
Ekofisk oil field  Norway, North Sea 01977-04-22 April 22, 1977 &1000000000002760000000027,600 &1000000000002760000000027,600 [109][110]
Hawaiian Patriot  United States, 300 nmi (560 km; 350 mi) off Honolulu, Hawaii 01977-02-26 February 26, 1977 &1000000000009500000000095,000 &1000000000009500000000095,000 [63][69]
Borag  Taiwan, Northern coast 01977-02-07 February 7, 1977 &1000000000003400000000034,000 &1000000000003400000000034,000 [111]
Argo Merchant  United States, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts 01976-12-15 December 15, 1976 &1000000000002500000000025,000 &1000000000002800000000028,000 [112][113]
NEPCO 140 oil spill  United States, Saint Lawrence River 01976-06-23 June 23, 1976 &100000000000010000000001,000 &100000000000010000000001,000 [114][115]
Urquiola  Spain, A Coruña 01976-05-12 May 12, 1976 &10000000000100000000000100,000 &10000000000100000000000100,000 [69]
Niger Delta  Nigeria, Niger Delta 01976 1976 – 1996 &10000000000258000000000258,000 &10000000000328000000000328,000 [116]
Corinthos  United States, Delaware River, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania 01975-01-31 January 31, 1975 &1000000000003570000000035,700 &1000000000003570000000035,700
Jakob Maersk  Portugal, Oporto 01975-01-29 January 29, 1975 &1000000000008800000000088,000 &1000000000008800000000088,000 [69]
VLCC Metula  Chile, Strait of Magellan 01974-08-09 August 9, 1974 &1000000000005000000000050,000 &1000000000005100000000051,000 [117]
Sea Star  Iran, Gulf of Oman 01972-12-19 December 19, 1972 &10000000000115000000000115,000 &10000000000115000000000115,000 [63][69]
Oswego-Guardian / Texanita collision  South Africa, Stilbaai 01972-08-21 August 21, 1972 &1000000000001000000000010,000 &1000000000001000000000010,000
Wafra  South Africa, Cape Agulhas 01971-02-21 February 21, 1971 &1000000000002700000000027,000 &1000000000002700000000027,000 [118]
Arizona Standard / Oregon Standard collision  United States, San Francisco Bay 01971-01-17 January 17, 1971 &100000000000027000000002,700 &100000000000027000000002,700 [119][120]
Othello  Sweden, Trälhavet Bay 01970-03-20 March 20, 1970 &1000000000005000000000050,000 &1000000000006000000000060,000 [63][77]
1969 Santa Barbara oil spill  United States, Santa Barbara, California 01969-01-28 January 28, 1969 &1000000000001000000000010,000 &1000000000001400000000014,000 [121]
Torrey Canyon  United Kingdom, Isles of Scilly 01967-03-18 March 18, 1967 &1000000000008000000000080,000 &10000000000119000000000119,000 [63][69]
African Queen oil spill  United States, Ocean City, Maryland 01958-12-30 December 30, 1958 &1000000000002100000000021,000 &1000000000002100000000021,000 [122][123]
Avila Beach pipeline  United States, Avila Beach, California 01950 1950's – 1996 &100000000000013000000001,300 &100000000000013000000001,300 [124]
Guadalupe Oil Field  United States, Guadalupe, California 01950 1950's – 1994 &1000000000002900000000029,000 &1000000000002900000000029,000 [124]
Greenpoint, Brooklyn oil spill  United States, Newtown Creek, Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York 01940 1940s – 1950s &1000000000005520000000055,200 &1000000000009740000000097,400 [125]
SS Frank H. Buck / SS President Coolidge collision  United States, San Francisco Bay, California 01937-03-06 March 6, 1937 &100000000000088700000008,870 &100000000000088700000008,870 [119][126]
Lakeview Gusher  United States, Kern County, California 01910-03-14 March 14, 1910 – September 10, 1911 &100000000012300000000001,230,000 &100000000012300000000001,230,000 [127]
Thomas W. Lawson  United Kingdom, Isles of Scilly 01907-12-14 December 14, 1907 &100000000000074000000007,400 &100000000000074000000007,400

See also

References

  1. ^ Warren Murray (9 October 2011). "New Zealand oil spill: grounded ship threatens environmental disaster". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/09/new-zealand-oil-spill-rena. Retrieved 9 October 2011. 
  2. ^ Matthew Theunissen and Amelia Romanos (9 October 2011). "Anger at slow action over oil spill". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10757649. Retrieved 9 Octiver 2011. 
  3. ^ Paul Harper; Hayden Donnell; Jamie Morton; Matthew Theunissen; Newstalk ZB; Isaac Davison (11 October 2011). "Rena spill: 'Tomorrow much worse'". The New Zealand Herald. APNZ. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10758195. Retrieved 12 October 2011. 
  4. ^ David Wethe and Edward Klump (9 June 2010). "Taylor Gulf Wells Leaks for Years; Diamond Drills Relief Wells". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-09/taylor-gulf-wells-leaks-for-years-diamond-drills-relief-wells.html. Retrieved 13 June 2010. 
  5. ^ Paul Rioux (8 June 2010). "Second Gulf oil spill releasing small amounts, federal officials say". The Times-Picayune. http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/06/second_gulf_oil_spill_releasin.html. Retrieved 13 June 2010. 
  6. ^ John Amos (22 March 2011). "Questions Remain About Last Weekend's Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill". Business Insider. SkyTruth (Business Insider, Inc.). http://www.businessinsider.com/oil-spill-in-gulf-of-mexico-2011-3. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  7. ^ Vidal, John (22 December 2011). "Nigeria on alert as Shell announces worst oil spill in a decade". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/dec/22/nigerian-shell-oil-spill. Retrieved 22 December 2011. 
  8. ^ "Oil leaks from cargo ship beached on French coast". 16 December 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/dec/16/fuel-leak-cargo-ship-france. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 
  9. ^ "Chevron Oil Spill Spurs Lawsuit to Freeze 17% of Brazil's Rigs". Bloomberg. 14 December 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-15/chevron-s-oil-spill-in-brazil-prompts-10-6-billion-lawsuit.html. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 
  10. ^ "Brazil police to prove Chevron drilling, spill". Reuters (Reuters). 17 November 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/17/us-chevron-brazil-idUSTRE7AG15S20111117. Retrieved 17 November 2011. 
  11. ^ "Shell North Sea oil spill 'more than 200 tonnes'". BBC (The Crown). 15 August 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-14532112. Retrieved 15 August 2011. 
  12. ^ "Ruptured pipeline sends oil coursing down the Yellowstone River". Billings Gazette (Lee Enterprises). 2 July 2011. http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/article_6a8f2313-4279-542c-95c7-92f04639003f.html. Retrieved 2 July 2011. 
  13. ^ Frederic J. Brown. "China Oil Spill Six Times Size of Singapore: Govt". http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2011/07/15-3. 
  14. ^ Andrew Jacobs (5 July 2011). "China Admits Extent of Spill From Oil Rig". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/world/asia/06china.html. 
  15. ^ "Alberta pipeline spill: Rainbow Pipeline spill near Peace River". Calgary Herald (Lee Enterprises). 3 May 2011. http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Rainbow+pipeline+leak+largest+years/4720888/story.html. Retrieved 24 August 2011. 
  16. ^ "Green activists rap state for not being proactive". Hindustan Times (HT Media Limited). 22 January 2011. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Green-activists-rap-state-for-not-being-proactive/Article1-653243.aspx. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 
  17. ^ Yogesh Naik (23 January 2011). "Coast Guard ends op to control oil spill". The Times of India (Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Coast-Guard-ends-op-to-control-oil-spill/articleshow/7344391.cms. 
  18. ^ Redazione Tiscali (19 January 2011). "Nuovo disastro ambientale nel polo industriale di Porto Torres, in pericolo il "Santuario dei Cetacei"" (in Italian). Tiscali. http://notizie.tiscali.it/articoli/scienza/11/01/disastro-ambientale-porto-torres.html. Retrieved 27 January 2011. 
  19. ^ Correspondent, NDTV (August 9, 2010). "Oil leak off Mumbai coast has stopped: Coast Guard sources". NDTV. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/oil-spill-scare-on-maharashtra-shore-43039. Retrieved 12 August 2010. 
  20. ^ J Dey (2010-08-08). "Ships collide near Mumbai". Mid-Day (MiD DAY Infomedia Ltd.). http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/aug/080810-mv-khalijia-ship-collision.htm. 
  21. ^ Sukhada Tatke (15 January 2011). "Oil spill damage to soil irreversible: Report". The Times of India (Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Oil-spill-damage-to-soil-irreversible-Report/articleshow/7288327.cms. Retrieved 24 January 2011. 
  22. ^ The Associated Press (Tuesday, 27 July 2010). "Louisiana Oil Geyser: 20-Foot Oil Leak Shooting Up In Plaquemines Parish After Hit By Tugboat". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/27/louisiana-oil-geyser-20fo_n_660874.html. Retrieved 27 July 2010. 
  23. ^ Rong-Gong Lin II (Tuesday, 27 July 2010). "Gulf oil spill: New spill in Gulf area after barge crashes into abandoned oil well". The Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2010/07/gulf-oil-spill-new-spill-in-gulf-after-barge-crashes-into-abandoned-oil-well.html. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 
  24. ^ "Crews work to shut-in damaged wellhead". United States Coast Guard. 1 August 2010. http://cgvi.uscg.mil/media/main.php?g2_itemId=957149. Retrieved 2 August 2010. 
  25. ^ CNN wire staff (2 August 2010). "Leaking Barataria Bay oil well capped". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/08/02/louisiana.barataria.bay.leak/. Retrieved 2 August 2010. 
  26. ^ Jaclyn Gallucci (28 July 2010). "Michigan Oil Spill Update: Oil in Kalamazoo River". The Long Island Press. http://www.longislandpress.com/2010/07/28/michigan-oil-spill-update-july-28-oil-flows-in-kalamazoo-river/. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 
  27. ^ Sarah Lambert (Friday, 30 July 2010). "Air quality spurs evacuations in oil spill area". The Battle Creek Enquirer. http://www.battlecreekenquirer.com/article/20100730/OILSPILL/7300328/Leak+forces+evacuations+. Retrieved 30 July 2010. 
  28. ^ The Associated Press (21 July 2010). "China Oil Spill Grows, Official Warns Of 'Severe Threat'". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/21/china-oil-spill-grows-off_n_653852.html. Retrieved 22 July 2010. 
  29. ^ The Associated Press (Friday, 30 July 2010). "China Oil Spill Far Bigger Than Stated, U.S. Expert Says". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/30/china-oil-spill-far-bigge_n_665038.html. Retrieved 31 July 2010. 
  30. ^ Karin Kloosterman (June 24, 2010). "Egypt Eco-Group HEPCA Reports Red Sea Spill is Capped, Beaches Cleaned". Green Prophet. http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/06/24/23137/egypt-oil-spill-hurgada/. 
  31. ^ Amy Joi O'Donoghue; Josh Smith (Saturday, June 12, 2010). "Oil spill in Red Butte Creek threatens waters, wildlife". The Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700039797/Oil-spill-in-Red-Butte-Creek-threatens-waters-wildlife.html?pg=1. Retrieved 14 June 2010. 
  32. ^ Derek P. Jensen (17 June 2010). "Chevron: We won't be difficult on oil-spill cleanup costs". The Salt Lake Tribune. http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_15320863. Retrieved 18 June 2010. 
  33. ^ AP News/Huffington Post; (Wednesday, May 26, 2010). "Alaska Oil Spill: Trans-Alaska Pipeline Shuts Down 800 Mile Area In North Slope". AP/Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/26/alaska-oil-spill-trans-al_n_589974.html. Retrieved 29 July 2010. 
  34. ^ "Oil leaks from tanker collision off Singapore". BBC News. Tuesday, May 25, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia_pacific/10151722.stm. Retrieved 7 June2010. 
  35. ^ "Oil spill threatens Singapore coast". ABC News. 25 May 2010. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/05/25/2909203.htm. Retrieved 7 June2010. 
  36. ^ "Singapore closes popular beaches after oil spill hits coast". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Thursday, 27 May 2010. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/international/article439706.ece. Retrieved 7 June2010. 
  37. ^ Dulue Mbachu (6 June 2010). "Exxon Nigerian Unit Oil Spill Caused by Corrosion". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-06/exxon-nigerian-unit-oil-spill-caused-by-corrosion-update1-.html. Retrieved 11 June 2010. 
  38. ^ Joe Brock (18 May 2010). "Africa's oil spills are far from U.S. media glare". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE64G12X. Retrieved 29 May 2010. "100,000 bpd of oil had leaked for a week from a pipeline that has since been mended" 
  39. ^ Vidal, John (30 May 2010). "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it.". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 
  40. ^ "Deepwater Horizon MC252 Gulf Incident Oil Budget" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 2, 2010. http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/PDFs/DeepwaterHorizonOilBudget20100801.pdf. 
  41. ^ "Coal carrier Shen Neng 1 oil spill dispersed, says Queensland Government". The Herald and Weekly Times. 6 April 2010. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/coal-carrier-shen-neng-1-oil-spill-dispersed-says-queensland-government/story-e6frf7l6-1225850228506. Retrieved 7 June 2010. 
  42. ^ "Battle to stabilise ship aground near Barrier Reef". BBC News. 5 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8603083.stm. Retrieved 7 June 2010. 
  43. ^ "Chinese coal ship runs aground, leaks oil". United Press International. 5 April 2010. http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2010/04/05/Chinese-coal-ship-runs-aground-leaks-oil/UPI-91301270488651/. Retrieved 7 June 2010. 
  44. ^ Gonzalez, Angel (24 January 2010). "Collision Causes Crude Oil Spill in Texas". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704562504575021540843701582.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_sections_news. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  45. ^ Mu Xeuquan (5 January 2010). "Diesel spill contaminates Yellow River tributaries". Xinhua News. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/05/content_12754632.htm. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 
  46. ^ "WA oil spill 'one of Australia's worst'". ABC News. August 24, 2009. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5l3RrgF24. Retrieved November 5, 2009. 
  47. ^ "Oil leaking 'five times faster' than thought". ABC News. October 22, 2009. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5l3RU9Sv0. Retrieved November 5, 2009. 
  48. ^ "Reuters". 3 August 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL391060. 
  49. ^ "The Namibian". http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2009/april/article/oil-spill-hits-luederitz/. 
  50. ^ "Oil spill: Qld beaches declared disaster zones". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 13 March 2009. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/03/13/2514943.htm. Retrieved 14 July 2010. 
  51. ^ Kirkham, Chris; Ramon Antonio Vargas (July 24, 2008). "Oil spill shuts down 80 miles of river". New Orleans Times-Picayune: pp. A1. 
  52. ^ Oil Spill in North Sea Off Norway http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7140645.stm
  53. ^ "Tanker oil spill off S Korea coast". Al Jazeera English. 2007-12-08. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2007/12/2008525133041570288.html. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  54. ^ "S Korea declares slick 'disaster'". BBC News. 2007-12-09. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7134967.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  55. ^ "Fuel spill disaster reported in waters near Russia". CNN International. 2007-11-11. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/11/11/russia.spill/index.html. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  56. ^ Curiel, Jonathan; Kay, Jane; Fagan, Kevin (2007-11-09). "Spill closes bay beaches as oil spreads, kills wildlife". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/11/08/BAD8T8PLU.DTL. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  57. ^ Usumacinta and Kab 101 Blowout
  58. ^ a b "Oil spills - Philippines, Indian Ocean and Lebanon". Greenpeace. 2006-08-18. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20080730124752/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/recent-oil-spills. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  59. ^ "CITGO Oil Spill" (PDF). Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. 2006-07-25. http://kplc.images.worldnow.com/images/incoming/Citgo/CitgoIncident.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  60. ^ Loy, Wesley (2006-03-10). "Spill the largest in Slope's history". Anchorage Daily News. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AS&p_theme=as&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=Spill%20AND%20the%20AND%20largest%20AND%20in%20AND%20Slope%20AND%20history&s_dispstring=Spill%20the%20largest%20in%20Slope%27s%20history%20AND%20section%28all%29%20AND%20date%283/11/2006%20to%203/11/2006%29&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=3/11/2006%20to%203/11/2006%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i Miguel Llanos (19 September 2005). "44 oil spills found in southeast Louisiana". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9365607/. 
  62. ^ Response and Prevention Branch Oil Team (May 2006) (.PDF). Murphy Oil USA Refinery Spill, Chalmette & Meraux, LA Presentation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6. http://www.epa.gov/oem/docs/oil/fss/fss06/franklin_2.pdf. Retrieved 27 May 2010. 
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Oil Spill History". The Mariner Group. http://www.marinergroup.com/oil-spill-history.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-02. 
  64. ^ University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. "Athos 1 Oil Spill". http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/oilspill/. Retrieved 31 May 2010. 
  65. ^ a b c Research Planning, Inc. (2005). Preassessment Data Report, The MP-69 / Hurricane Ivan Oil Discharges, Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana (pp. 10, 18) (Report). Damage Assessment Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.darrp.noaa.gov/library/pdf/IvanPADR_FINAL.pdf. 
  66. ^ ITOPF Case History: Tasman Spirit
  67. ^ Hans van de Veen (2004) (.PDF). Saving Pakistan's Green Gold. DGIS-ICD Programme, WWF International. p. 19. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwfdgispakistan2.pdf. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 
  68. ^ "Buzzards Bay Oil Spill: Bouchard Barge No. 120". Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program. Tuesday, 06 April 2010. http://www.buzzardsbay.org/oilspill-4-28-03.htm. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Major Oil Spills". International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. http://www.itopf.com/stats.html. Retrieved 2008-11-02. 
  70. ^ Raul Garcia (November 2003) (.PDF). : The Prestige: one year on, a continuing disaster. WWF-Spain. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/finalprestige.pdf. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 
  71. ^ a b Oil spills at Guanabara Bay
  72. ^ http://www.solcomhouse.com/trans.htm
  73. ^ "The Land is Dead". Urhobo Historical Society. 30 July 2001. http://www.waado.org/Environment/OilCompanies/States/Rivers/OgbuduSpill/TerisaTurner.html. 
  74. ^ "Alarm at oil spill in Ogoniland". BBC News. 2 May 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1309288.stm. 
  75. ^ "Petrobras P-36". Oil Rig Disasters. Monday, 14 April 2008. http://home.versatel.nl/the_sims/rig/p36.htm. Retrieved 21 May 2010. 
  76. ^ Cabinet frees Greek crew at the Taipei Times
  77. ^ a b c d e "Major Oil Spills". http://www.endgame.org/oilspills.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-02. 
  78. ^ Oil Spills at thinkquest.org
  79. ^ "Pine River Oil Spill". Ministry of Environment (British Columbia). http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/eemp/incidents/pembina_00.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-18. 
  80. ^ LaBelle, Robert. "Technology Assessment and Research". Minerals Management Service. http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/deepspill.htm. Retrieved 21 June 2010. 
  81. ^ Environmental Global Issues Map: New Carissa Oil Spill on the Oregon Coast. McGraw-Hill. 1999-03. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/es_map/articles/article_29.mhtml. Retrieved 2011-02-04. 
  82. ^ "Nakhodka". Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations. http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/nakhodka/nakhodka.php. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
  83. ^ How do oil spills impact Casco Bay? report by the Casco Bay Estuary Partnership
  84. ^ Rhode Island Oil Spill Is More Serious Than Initially Thought, New York Times, January 22, 1996
  85. ^ "Fact Sheet: Morris J. Berman Oil Spill". http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AXphRBsAVVwgJ%3Awww.wqis.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FWQIS_BermanSpill.pdf+morris+berman+oil&hl=en&gl=ca&sig=AHIEtbRU_qSWVJrCDufqeCQRMP8xR6jmHA&pli=1. Retrieved 5 January 2010. 
  86. ^ Major Oil Spills in Australia: Kirki, Western Australia, 21 July 1991 from the Australian Maritime Safety Authority
  87. ^ Hosny Khordagui; Dhari Al-Ajmi (July 1993), "Environmental impact of the Gulf War: An integrated preliminary assessment", Environmental Management (Springer New York) Volume 17 (Number 4): 557–562, doi:10.1007/BF02394670, ISSN 0364-152X, http://www.springerlink.com/content/5258v78174284298/ 
  88. ^ http://employees.oneonta.edu/baumanpr/geosat2/Environmental_Warfare/ENVIRONMENTAL_WARFARE.htm
  89. ^ "M/V Mega Borg". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6748. Retrieved 2009-10-28. 
  90. ^ American Trader Oil Spill, California Office of Spill Prevention and Response
  91. ^ "Presidente Rivera Spill – June 24, 1989". University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. 2004. http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/oilspill/PresidenteRiveraSpill.html. Retrieved 2 June 2010. 
  92. ^ Riki Ott (Friday, 18 June 2010) (audio/transcript). How Much Oil Really Spilled From the Exxon Valdez?. Interview with Brooke Gladstone. On The Media. National Public Radio. http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2010/06/18/01. Retrieved 29 June 2010. 
  93. ^ Oil Spills report from the Air and Waste Management Association
  94. ^ Nightmare on The Monongahela, Time Magazine, January 18, 1988
  95. ^ University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. "1985 Grand Eagle Oil Spill". http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/oilspill/Grandeagle.html. Retrieved 31 May 2010. 
  96. ^ "Oil spills and near-misses in Northwest waters". Seattle Post Intelligencer (Hearst Seattle Media, LLC). 21 November 2002. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/96596_timeline21.shtml. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
  97. ^ Douglas Helton; Tony Penn (1999). "Putting Response And Natural Resource Damage Costs In Perspective". International Oil Spill Conference: 21. Paper ID #114. http://www.darrp.noaa.gov/library/pdf/costsofs.pdf. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
  98. ^ "Oil Spills and Disasters". http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001451.html. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  99. ^ ITOPF: TANIO (France, 1980)
  100. ^ "Burmah Agate". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6253. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  101. ^ "Atlantic Empress". Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations. http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/atlantic/atlantic.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-10. 
  102. ^ "Tanker Incidents". http://www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/1479/gcgid/193/lang/English/Tanker-Incidents.wshtml. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  103. ^ "IXTOC I". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6250. Retrieved 2008-11-03. 
  104. ^ "Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico". Nature Publishing Group. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v290/n5803/abs/290235a0.html. Retrieved 2008-11-03. 
  105. ^ "Betelgeuse". Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations. http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/betelgeuse/betelgeuse.htm. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  106. ^ "Amoco Cadiz". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6241. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  107. ^ "AMOCO CADIZ (France, 1978)". International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. Wednesday, 10 February 2010. http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.html#amoco. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 
  108. ^ "The Trans-Alaska Pipeline". The Lay of the Land (The Center for Land Use Interpretation) 32. Spring 2009. http://www.clui.org/lotl/v32/b.html. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 
  109. ^ "Amoco Cadiz". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6237. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  110. ^ "Ekofisk Bravo". Oil Rig Disasters. Monday, 14 April 2008. http://members.tele2.nl/the_sims/rig/ekofiskb.htm. Retrieved 28 May 2010. 
  111. ^ Fingas, Merv (2000). The Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. ISBN 1566705371. 
  112. ^ ITOPF: Argo Merchant (USA, 1976)
  113. ^ "Argo Merchant". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6231. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  114. ^ "Albert T. McKINNEY v. US - 30 April 1979= 2009-07-01". http://www.uscg.mil/Legal/Suspension_Revocation/Commandant_Decisions/S_and_R_1980_2279/2153%20-%20MCKINNEY.pdf. 
  115. ^ "Save The River Report= 2009-07-01". http://www.savetheriver.org/docs/76_NEPCO_spill_fact_sheet.pdf. 
  116. ^ "Shell And The N15bn Oil Spill Judgement Debt". The Daily Independent (Lagos). 2010-07-19. http://www.independentngonline.com/DailyIndependent/Article.aspx?id=17332. Retrieved 27 July 2010. "between 1976 and 1996, a total of 4,835 incidents resulted in the spillage of at least 2.4 million barrels of oil, of which an estimated 1.89 million barrels were lost to the environment in the Niger Delta" 
  117. ^ ITOPF: METULA (Chile, 1974)
  118. ^ http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6213
  119. ^ a b "After 30 years, tankers safer but spills still a threat". The Associated Press. Friday January 19, 2001. http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2001-01-19/article/3054?headline=After-30-years-tankers-safer-but-spills-still-a-threat. Retrieved 28 May 2010. 
  120. ^ Wood, Roger Holmes (2006). When Tankers Collide, a Preview. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781425955984. http://rogerholmeswood.com/pages/when-tankers-collide/preview-when-tankers-collide.php. Retrieved 28 May 2010. 
  121. ^ Brief Oil and Gas History of Santa Barbara County from the County of Santa Barbara, California
  122. ^ "The African Queen Shipwreck". ShipwreckExpo. 2010. http://www.shipwreckexpo.com/mdshipwreckafricanqueen.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-28. 
  123. ^ Howard (Delmar, Delaware) (Sunday, December 30, 2007). "African Queen". Delmar DustPan. http://delmardustpan.blogspot.com/2007/12/african-queen.html. Retrieved 2010-05-05. 
  124. ^ a b Phuong Le (August 10, 1999). "Beach town forced to scrape away oil leak -- and a chunk of its past". Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Hearst Seattle Media, LLC). http://www.seattlepi.com/pipelines/avil10.shtml. 
  125. ^ Russell Berman (Sunday, 18 November 2005). "Greenpoint, Maspeth Residents Lobby To Get 55-Year-Old Oil Spill Cleaned Up". TheNew York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/article/23231. Retrieved 2 June 2010. 
  126. ^ Harry R. Carter (2003). "Oil and California’s Seabirds: An Overview" (.PDF). Marine Ornithology 31: p. 2. http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/31_1/31_1_1_carter.pdf. Retrieved 2 June 2010. 
  127. ^ Rintoul, William; Hodgson, Susan F. (1990). Drilling Through Time: 75 Years with California's Division of Oil and Gas. Sacramento: Department of Conservation, Division of Oil and Gas. pp. 13–15. ISBN 096271240X. 

External links

Wikinews has related news:
  • [//en.wikinews.org/wiki/BP:_One_oil_leak_in_Gulf_of_Mexico_plugged BP: One oil leak in Gulf of Mexico plugged]
  • [//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Chinese_ship_leaking_oil_near_Great_Barrier_Reef Chinese ship leaking oil near Great Barrier Reef]
  • [//en.wikinews.org/wiki/North_Sea_oil_spill_is_Norway%27s_second_worst North Sea oil spill is Norway's second worst]